Microbial Minds

  Key Points to Remember The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels that work together to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body. The heart contains four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) and valves that ensure blood flows in a single direction. There are two main circulations in the body: pulmonary (between heart and lungs) and systemic (between heart and body tissues). The heartbeat is regulated by an electrical conduction system involving the SA node, AV node, and Purkinje fibers. Healthy lifestyle choices such as regular exercise, balanced diet, and avoiding smoking play a major role in preventing cardiovascular diseases. Keywords Heart, cardiovascular system, circulatory system, blood vessels, human heart, cardiac health, coronary artery disease, blood circulation, heart anatomy, cardiovascular diseases. Heart and Cardiovascular System Introduction The heart and cardiovascular system serve as the bod...

  Key Points to Remember Sanger sequencing is accurate but time-consuming, ideal for small DNA fragments. NGS offers high throughput and efficiency for large-scale genome studies. Third-generation sequencing provides real-time, long-read analysis for complex genomes. Whole exome sequencing targets only protein-coding regions for cost-effective mutation discovery. Amplicon sequencing focuses on targeted gene regions amplified by PCR. Shotgun sequencing randomly breaks the entire genome for complete analysis. 454 sequencing uses pyrosequencing with light detection for long reads. Pyrosequencing detects pyrophosphate release during DNA synthesis in real time. These techniques are essential for genomics, diagnostics, and microbial diversity studies. Keywords DNA sequencing technologies , Sanger sequencing , Next generation sequencing (NGS) , Third generation sequencing , High-throughput sequencing , Whole exome sequ...